Monday 27 October 2014

Gender in TV Drama

Gender is presented in TV dramas in completely different ways, depending on whether they are female or male. For example, women are often represented as being part of a context like family, friends or colleagues in order to think and work as part of a team. However, in TV dramas they tend to take the role of a helper; as a passive character rather than an active character. This therefore portrays them as an object through the eyes of the male gaze. This can often be shown through a number of camera angles such as the over the shoulder shot. When shot over the shoulder of a woman, it represents that the man is the main character as the camera is focused solely on him with the woman being a passive character with the role of supporting the male lead. Furthermore, the clothes that women wear are often deliberately provocative in an attempt to lure viewers in through the view of the male gaze and therefore the women actors also being part of the selling point, objectifying them further.

On the other hand, male characters are usually represented as isolated, as not needing to rely on others, portraying them as the lone hero. Male characters will most likely be shot in the low angle shot to give them an appearance of a more dominant figure

Sunday 26 October 2014

Beyonce - 1+1 male gaze analysis




Mis en scene 
The provocative clothing that Beyoncé wears in her 1+1 music video indicates that she wants to lure men in with her body and good looks in order to feel safer around them. This backs up Laura Mulvey’s theory that women feel they have to be admired for their appearance in order to satisfy the male audience, eventually objectifying them. Furthermore, Beyoncé appears to be covered in sweat, and with the lyrics ‘make love to me’, this would really appeal to the male eye and therefore fit into the theory of the male gaze. Finally, the dark atmosphere to the set gives it a dark and mysterious atmosphere to Beyoncé herself, which also appeals to the male gaze.


Camera angles 
An extreme close up is used in Beyoncé’s 1+1 video. This gives us a good close up view on her heavy eye make up. This represents the effort that Beyoncé went through in order to impress men through the male gaze. Also the over the shoulder shot of Beyoncé from over the male holding her is used. Combined with the lyrics ‘make love to me’ this represents her as being a secondary object, used to show how she makes the man feel.

Music
The music used in 1+1 is slow, melow music used to create a slow, sexually intense atmosphere. This suggests that Beyoncé purposely intended this in hope of attracting male attention.

Editing 
The transitions between each clip of Beyoncé is dragged out in order to allow Beyoncé’s eyes to linger on you, making the audience feel that she is directly looking at you, making it more personal and also indicates that Beyoncé is trying to sell herself to males for attention.

The Gaze: Female and Male


Paul Lazarsfeld - Limited Effects Theory


Textual Analysis and Representation (The 4 key areas of textual analysis)

Camera Shots, Angle, Movement, Composition
Shots: establishing shot, master shot, close-up, mid-shot, long shot, wide shot, two-shot, aerial shot, point of view shot, over the shoulder shot, and variations of these.
Angle: high angle, low angle, canted angle.
Movement: pan, tilt, track, dolly, crane, steadicam, hand-held, zoom, reverse zoom.
Composition: framing, rule of thirds, depth of field – deep and shallow focus, focus pulls.

Editing
Includes transition of image and sound – continuity and non-continuity systems. Cutting: shot/ reverse shot, eyeline match, graphic match, action match, jump cut, crosscutting, parallel editing, cutaway; insert. Other transitions; dissolve, fade-in, fade-out, wipe, superimposition, long take, short take, slow motion, ellipsis and expansion of time, post-production, visual effects.

Sound
Soundtrack: score, incidental music, themes and stings, ambient sound.
Diegetic and non-diegetic sound; synchronous/asynchronous sound; sound effects; sound motif, sound bridge, dialogue, voiceover, mode of address/direct address, sound mixing, sound perspective.

Mise-en-Scène
Production design: location, studio, set design, costume and make-up, properties.

Lighting; colour design.

Thursday 9 October 2014

The Seven Key Areas of Audience and Institution-Avengers Assemble Research

‘The technologies that have been introduced in recent years at the levels of production, distribution, marketing and exchange; (how has the introduction of digital film, 3D, DVD, Blu Ray, internet streaming, downloadable content, home cinema influenced the types of films made, the way we watch them and the way we 'buy' them?) Research the types of technology utilised during these stages of the film production process of Avengers Assemble’

Pre-production
It was reported that in August 2010, Paramount Pictures and Marvel Studios were to plan shooting The Avengers (The Avengers Assemble) in February. Simultaneously, it was decided that the film was to be shot in 3D, although Mark Ruffalo later denied

this via Twitter. By October, Grumman Studios in Bethpage, New York and Steiner Studios from Brooklyn, New York were announced as filming locations for the up and coming film. Also in October, Walt Disney Studios agreed to pay $115 million to Paramount for the worldwide distribution rights to Iron Man 3 and The Avengers. However, Paramount still retained TV rights.

Production
Cinematographer Seamus McGarvey claimed that he composed the frame with a 1.85:1 aspect ratio to cope with the varying heights of the main characters. Shooting 1.85:1 is unusual for a film like this but is necessary to capture the height in the screen in order to frame characters such as the Hulk, Captain America and Black Widow; all three having huge differences in height. Furthermore, Joss Whedon – the Director of The Avengers Assemble – knew that the final battle sequence was going to be this extravaganza in Manhattan, so the height and vertical scale of the buildings will be very important. The film was shot with a variety of digital cameras: the Arri Alexa, the Canon EOS 5D Mark II and the Canon EOS 7D digital SLR. However, high speed shots were captured on a 35 mm film with the Arriflex 435.

Post-Production
Joss Whedon directing Samuel L. Jackson
The film was finally announced to be converted to 3D by Disney in December 2011. When asked about the conversion, Wheldon said, "I'm not a big fan of extreme long lens, talky movies – I like to see the space I'm in and relate to it, so 3D kinda fits my aesthetic anyway. And the technology has advanced so far in the past couple years." Then in January 2012, it was reported that the film would be digitally remastered for IMAX 3D and open in IMAX theatres on May 4th, 2012, the same day it opens in regular theatres. The film's IMAX release follows Marvel's IMAX releases of Iron Man 2 and Thor.


Finally, the film contains more than 2,000 visual effects. ILM was the lead vendor and shared responsibility for creating many of the film's key effects, including the Helicarrier, the New York cityscape, digital body doubles, Iron Man and the Hulk. In order to create the on-screen Hulk, Ruffalo was attached to a motion-capture suit on set with the other actors whilst four motion-capture HD cameras – two for his full body and two focused on his face) captured his face and body movements.

Thursday 2 October 2014

Why Was Dredd a Flop?

The film Dredd; a futuristic irradiated waste land running from Boston to Washington DC lies Mega City One - a vast, violent metropolis where criminals are left to roam the streets and cause havoc. The only force of order left within the megalopolitan are the urban cops called “Judges”, who poses the combined powers of a judge, jury and instant executer depending on the crime. Known and feared throughout the metropolis, Dredd is the ultimate judge; respected and feared by every criminal within the super-city. Dredd is tasked by the Chief Judge to evaluate the new recruit, Cassandra Anderson; a powerful mutant-psychic who failed to aptitude tests to be a judge. The two judges respond to a multiple homicide in a 200-storey slum tower, where drug lord Madeline Madrigal (Ma-Ma) executes three rogue drug dealers by having them skinned, intoxicated by Slo-Mo and thrown down the tower block from the top floor. On their arrival, they arrest a thug named Kay, who Dredd decides to take in for questioning in which Ma-Ma decided to shut down the entire building, leaving the two judges trapped alone, with hundreds of drug barons wanting to kill them…

Pre-production
Dredd was finally released on the 7th September 2012, after the comic – which came out in July, the same year – built up a lot of hype when it first debuted at Comic-Con. With one of the largest independently produced Brit films of all time and based on a well-loved comic (Judge Dredd) from 1974. Despite having a small budget of only $45 million, Dredd impressed both fans and critics alike. However, when the film first came out none of the hype and enthusiasm expected by critics came to light and the film became one of biggest losses of the film industry that year; taking $27.6 million from markets outside of North America and $13.4 million from North America, making a total of $41 million. Therefore this created a loss of around $14 million, after the film was marketed. It’s often seen that films with such a low budget don’t seem to do well on the box office; with very few exceptions.

However when the film came out none of the expected hype and enthusiasm that critics were predicting came to light and the film was one of the major losses to the film industry that year. But what is at blame to its downfall? Firstly, Dredd was first attempted to be made into a film in 1995 by Hollywood; starring A list stars such as Sylvester Stallone and Rob Schneider. The film received negative reviews upon its release with the review aggregation site Rotten Tomatoes giving the film a score of just 18% based on reviews from 51 critics and an average rating of 3.7/10. The film also picked up comments like, "Judge Dredd wants to be both a legitimate violent action flick and a parody of one, but director Danny Cannon fails to find the necessary balance to make it work." 

Furthermore, the film was considered to be a flop in the United States as it grossed only $34.7 million in the North American domestic box offices and to make it even worse, Judge Dredd picked up a Golden Raspberry Award nomination for Sylvester Stallone as the worst actor. However, it did do better internationally with over $78.8 million around the world, giving it a total of $113.5 million worldwide. Therefore with the original 1995 Hollywood version being such a flop, it may have put many people off going to see the latest version of the hit comic.

Also , as Dredd is originally a British comic book character, it puts it into a niche market with competition such as The Dark Knight Rises, The Amazing Spider-Man and The Avengers all being released in the same year. So with two huge Marvel franchises and another Batman from DC Comics, surely Dredd was up for a tough year. The fact that Dredd was given an 18 rating also places it into a niche market as it means that the majority of cinema goers; 7-21 would not be allowed to see this film, giving it a smaller potential market, which the other comic book films exploited with ratings of 12, giving them a wider audience and more profits.

Production
Firstly, I feel that the drug “Slow-mo” that is present in the majority of the film doesn’t help it at all as the film seems to me that director Alex Garland managed to get his hands on a few Slow motion cameras and decided to go mad with them, resulting in unconvincing special effects which was picked up a lot by the critics. Another mistake from the experienced director Alex Garland, was investing in 3D cameras where he could have used that to improve the special effects.

In comparison, The Avengers had a whopping budget of $220 million for the making of the film; almost 5 times as much as the budget for Dredd! Also, the producer of The Avengers was Kevin Feige; a well-known producer, similar to that of Dredds - Alex Garland. However, the cast of The Avengers may just skip the scales on which film you would go and see, with A list actors such as Samuel L. Jackson, Chris Evans, Mark Ruffalo, Robert Downey JR, Scarlett Johansson and many more, whereas Dredd’s cast featured the likes of Carl Urban, Olivia Thirlby, Wood Harris and Lena Headly – not quite as thrilling. Therefore, with that in mine I feel this is one of the reasons that contributed to Dredd’s failure to succeed in the box office.

Post production
The marketing side of Dredd suffered a huge blow in its bid to be successful with a very low budget of just $25 million. In comparison, the $25 million paid by DNA Films was just a fraction of what Marvel paid for the advertisement of The Avengers with $4 million just going on a 30 second advert at the Superbowl.


Finally, Dredd also didn’t do well when it came to screening it, mostly down to the fact that it was only showed in 3D with not many small cinemas having the equipment to show the small production. Only large cinemas that showed a huge variety of films in London or small independent cinemas showed the film, meaning that Dredd took very little from the cinemas.

In conclusion, I feel that Dredd failed because it decided to shoot the film in 3D. If they hadn’t of done this, they could have spent the money they spent on 3D cameras on marketing the film to get more people to watch it, or instead on improving the special effects to make them more convincing. Finally, if they hadn’t have filmed Dredd in 3D, it may have been showed in a wider variety of cinemas, increasing its potential profits and helping it to succeed.


Word count: 1,142 

Wednesday 1 October 2014

Wire in the Blood – Gender Analysis


Gender is represented through a variety of ways within Wire in the Blood, such as camera angles, mis en scene, lighting, music and editing. For example, in the first scene Tony; one of the investigators is wearing a smart suit which is shown through an over the shot shoulder camera angle, focusing on Tony. This indicates that Alex is objectified by Tony through the male gaze. Furthermore, the tracking shot that follows Tony shows that he is a person of significance to the storyline and in addition, shows his dominance. Also in the first scene, Alex is shown wearing all black clothes which is not stereotypical of a woman. It also represents the job that she is placed in; a formal job which deals with dark, evil things. This is again not a stereotypical woman’s job and indicates that she’s a woman trying to fit into a man’s world.

The scene then switches to Tony in his house, working with pictures of the case he’s trying to solve. Within this scene a point of view shot is used to show an object of significance. In this case, it is his coffee mug; which represents that the coffee is the stimulant that is keeping him going, working throughout the night, trying to solve the case. This is representative of gender as it shows that men are stereotypically hard working, whereas the woman in the next scene is getting ready to go out.

Then it changes to a group of bad guys in their hideout. The violent behaviour of smashing another man’s head into a concrete wall is stereotypical of the boisterous behaviour of men. Also, the black leather gloves and black jackets are most commonly seen on gangs as they are seen as hiding in the shadows and being evil and rebelling from the rules. This is seen as a stereotypical man.